Are you seeking the safest sparkling water without traces of PFAS “forever chemicals?” Seltzer water is a refreshing beverage and healthier option to sugary sodas or other drinks full of high-fructose corn syrup. But which seltzer waters will remain the healthiest after we send them to our EPA-certified laboratory for testing, looking at specific PFAS chemicals commonly found in water? Let’s find out! You’ve trusted Mamavation to bring you topics like (1) safest coffee tested for pesticides, PFAS, & mycotoxins, (2) cooking oils tested for toxic phthalates, and (3) protein powders tested for pesticides, heavy metals, PFAS, & phthalates, now join us for our latest consumer study on sparkling waters tested for PFAS “forever chemicals.”
Disclosure: This consumer study is released in partnership with Environmental Health News. Scientific reviews were performed by (1) Linda S. Birnbaum, Scientist Emeritus and Former Director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and National Toxicology Program & Scholar in Residence at Duke University, Adjunct Professor at the University of North Carolina, & Yale University, (2)Terrence Collins, Teresa Heinz Professor of Green Chemistry & Director of the Institute for Green Sciences at Carnegie Mellon University Donations were provided by Environmental Health News and Mamavation community members. Note that Mamavation has only “spot-checked” the industry and thus we cannot make predictions about brands and products that we have not tested. Products and manufacturing aides can change without notice so buyer beware. This post contains affiliate links, with some to Amazon, which means Mamavation will receive a portion of those sales and we will use that to pay ourselves back for the testing. You can also give a tax-deductible donation to our consumer studies here through Environmental Health Sciences. Thank you! Copyright © 2025 Mamavation — All Rights Reserved
Table of Contents
Mamavation’s Lab Found PFAS “Forever Chemicals” Inside Sparkling Waters
Avoiding sugary drinks may have you drinking more sparkling or seltzer water. These options are typically low sodium and far tastier than plain water. If you are using a sparkling water maker machine, with a button push, you have seltzer water you can add flavor to and enjoy. But if you purchase a seltzer water product, which is the safest from PFAS, “forever chemicals?” We have attempted to answer this question by spot-checking the industry.
Fifteen bottles of seltzer water and some other bubbly products like prebiotic soda & zero-calorie sodas were purchased and sent to an EPA-certified laboratory looking for specific PFAS analytes.
- 60% of seltzer waters sent to the lab were identified to have specific PFAS “forever chemicals.” That’s 9 products out of 15 that had detections.
- The ranges were from non-detect to & 2.62 ng/L or parts per trillion (ppt)
- The specific PFAS chemicals found were the following: 6:2FTS, PFOA, PFBA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFPeA
Linda S. Birnbaum, Scientist Emeritus and Former Director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and National Toxicology Program & Scholar in Residence at Duke University, Adjunct Professor at the University of North Carolina, & Yale University had this to say: “Why should there be ANY PFAS in seltzer water? Some of these PFAS chemicals have been withdrawn from the market for years, but yet we still find them since they are “forever”. We do not recommend drinking any beverages containing PFAS chemicals.”
PFAS “Forever Chemicals” Have Problematic Health Effects
PFAS “forever chemicals” are problematic for human health and the environment. They are considered ubiquitous, persistent, and toxic. Therefore, reducing the amount of PFAS you are exposed to from food, water, and other beverages like tea is imperative. Mamavation is dedicated to helping you do that when shopping for tea.
Here are some of the adverse health effects of different PFAS “forever chemicals:”
- Reduction in immunity
- Reduced vaccination response
- Increased risk of allergies & asthma in young children
- Affected growth, learning, and behavior of infants and older children
- Increases cholesterol levels
- Metabolic diseases like obesity & diabetes
- Cardiovascular disease
- Lowered a woman’s chance of getting pregnant
- Lowered male fertility
- Increased risk of kidney & testicular cancers
- Causes endocrine disruption
- Disrupted normal thyroid function
- Increases risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children
It’s also very clear, based on biomonitoring evidence from the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), that PFAS are in all Americans. Therefore, these exposures can harm most Americans.
Specific PFAS Found by Mamavation’s Laboratory
Mamavation’s laboratory found six PFAS chemicals within the seltzer water sent: 6:2FTS, PFOA, PFBA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFPeA.
- 6:2FTS: 6:2-Fluorotelomersulfonic acid (6:2FTS) is a replacement chemical for perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) used in fire-fighting foams and chromium plating. Although 6:2FTS has not been studied intensively, such “short-chain” PFAS chemicals have already become very persistent in the environment and can get into places where they were not expected to be found.
- PFOA: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is the most well-studied PFAS chemical with a wide variety of adverse health effects in both animals and people. This chemical has been classified as carcinogenic to humans by the WHO’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)and the US EPA. Many PFAS, such as PFOA, do not break down in the environment. They are commonly referred to as “forever chemicals” because they are a persistent organic pollutant (POP). PFOA is known to move through the environment and contaminate drinking water and soil as it bioaccumulates. Residues have been consistently found worldwide in wildlife, humans, and the environment. PFOA is also very persistent in people.
- PFBA: Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), another short-chain PFAS, is a breakdown chemical of other PFAS used in stain-resistant fabrics, paper food packaging, and carpets. PFBA was also used for manufacturing photographic film. 3M Company was once a major manufacturer of PFBA and products containing PFBA, but their production was phased out in 1998. PFBA continues to be produced by multiple companies in the US and other parts of the world. Exposure to high levels of PFBA resulted in thyroid and liver effects, such as increased thyroid, changes in thyroid hormones, and decreased cholesterol in animal studies. PFAS do not break down in the environment and are commonly referred to as “forever chemicals” because of their status as a persistent organic pollutant (POP). PFBA is known to move through the environment and contaminate drinking water and soil as it bioaccumulates. Residues have been consistently found worldwide in wildlife, humans, and the environment.
- PFPeA: Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) is a lesser-known PFAS compound most notably found in firefighting foams, industrial surfactants, stain-resistant coatings for textiles, carpets, and furniture. PFPeA is an example of “short-chain” PFAS compounds which were created to replace “long-chain” PFAS, such as PFOA and PFOS. Although PFPeA has not been studied intensively, such “short-chain” PFAS chemicals are also very persistent in the environment and can get into places where they were not expected to be found. In animal studies, this chemical has also been linked to liver problems, inflammatory responses, and immune issues. North Carolina is the state where this chemical is most often found in the water supply. This chemical is part of a family of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, which is similar in structure to PFOA but with a carbon chain length of only 5 carbons. PFPeA can also be found in the body due to dermal contact.
- PFHxA: Perfluorohexanoic Acid (PFHxA) and related salts are breakdown products of other PFAS used in stain-resistant fabrics, paper, food packaging, and carpets. This substance was also used for manufacturing photographic film and a substitute for longer-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in consumer products. Scientific evidence indicates that PFHxA likely causes hepatic, developmental, hematopoietic, and endocrine effects in humans.
- PFHpA: Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), which has 7 carbon atoms, is considered a short-chain PFAS chemical. These perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and their salts are used as surfactants that reduce the surface tension of water and other organic liquids. These acids and derivatives are used as wetting, dispersing, emulsifying, and foaming agents in commerce. Health effects include harm to development and the liver.
Recent Studies on PFAS in Sparkling Waters Have Demonstrated Widespread Contamination
Mamavation isn’t the only organization finding PFAS in sparkling waters. Other non-profits, such as Consumer Reports, have found similar issues within this category. Especially when restricting calories for weight management & health, seltzer water is the perfect alternative to soft drinks. Mamavation decided to revisit this category and expand on it to help our audience with their selections.
Consumer Reports found in 2020 that many seltzer water products contain specific PFAS chemicals above what is recommended for public health by our advisors. Mamavation was able to retest some of the more popular brands and new ones, and we found some similarities and differences. Most levels were similar to what was seen before, except for Topo Chico, which looks to have lowered amounts but is still detectable for specific PFAS. We also found some variance in Sundrift, whereas different flavors were tested. However, our lab found similar results with San Pelligrino, Perrier, & La Croix. We also tested nine additional brands that haven’t been looked at before, but were recommended by our audience.
Scroll down to the bottom to see Consumer Reports testing alongside Mamavation testing results.
Mamavation’s Investigation of Sparkling Waters and PFAS “Forever Chemicals”
Mamavation tested fifteen sparkling waters, including probiotic sodas and low-calorie juice-based seltzer waters. We did not test club soda, tonic water, or soda water. Products tended to be (or claimed to be) higher in magnesium and calcium or had superior quenching abilities from the minerals present. Each product was recorded in our database and sent directly to the lab within its original packaging. Mamavation’s EPA-certified laboratory used method EPA 1633 to test for 40 PFAS compounds, including the following:
- Perflurobutanoic acid (PFBA)
- Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA)
- Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA)
- Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA)
- Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
- Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)
- Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)
- Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA)
- Perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA)
- Perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA)
- Perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA)
- Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS)
- Perfluoropentansulfonic acid (PFPeS)
- Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS)
- Perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid (PFHpS)
- Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS)
- Perfluoronanesulfonic acid (PFNS)
- Perfluorodecanesulfonic acid (PFDS)
- Perfluorododecanesulfonic acid (PFDoS)
- 1H,1H, 2H, 2H-Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (4:2FTS)
- 1H,1H, 2H, 2H-Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (6:2FTS)
- 1H,1H, 2H, 2H-Perfluorodecane sulfonic acid (8:2FTS)
- Perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA)
- N-methyl perfluorooctanesulfonamide (NMeFOSA)
- N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamide (NEtFOSA)
- N-methyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid (NMeFOSE)
- N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoethanol (NEtFOSE)
- Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA)
- 4,8-Dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid (ADONA)
- Perfluoro-3-methoxypropanoic acid (PFMPA)
- Perfluoro-4-methoxybutanoic acid (PFMBA)
- Nonafluoro-3,6-dioxaheptanoic acid (NFDHA)
- 9-Chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonic acid (9CI-PF3ONS)
- 11-Chloroeicosafluoro-3-oxaundecane-1-sulfonic acid (11CI-PF3OUdS)
- Perfluoro(2-ethoxyethane)sulfonic acid (PFEESA)
- 3-Perfluoropropyl propanoic acid (3:3FTCA)
- 2H,2H,3H,3H-Perfluorooctanoic acid (5:3FTCA)
- 3-Perfluoroheptyl propanoic acid (7:3FTCA)
Terrence Collins, Teresa Heinz Professor of Green Chemistry & Director of the Institute for Green Sciences at Carnegie Mellon University wrote: “If ever there was a class of chemicals where production should be drastically reduced immediately, it’s PFAS chemicals. Mother Nature has been wailing at us for decades through science, and she cannot cope with PFAS contamination. Once contaminated by these “forever chemicals”, there is no going back for the living ecosphere on any meaningful time scale. For any sparkling water manufacturer, you will likely improve your sales and steer our civilization away from the threats of PFAS chemicals by highlighting on your bottles and scientifically proving that your brand is PFAS-free.”
Sparkling Water & Seltzer Brands Tested by Mamavation
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LaCroix
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Nixie
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Perrier
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San Pellegrino
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Spindrift
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Topo Chico
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Waterloo
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Bubly
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Canada Dry
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Dasani
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Poland Spring
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Polar
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Schweppes
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SANZO
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OLIPOP
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Gerolsteiner
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Liquid Death
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Mineragua (Jarritos)
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poppi
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The Mountain Valley
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Zevia
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Sparkling Ice
Sparkling Water Machines Tested by Mamavation
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Philips Sparkling Water Maker
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SodaStream
Become a Member and get Free Access to the complete buying guide with detailed test results for every brand.
Nursing Pads Tested For Indications of PFAS “Forever Chemicals”
I really appreciate the transparency here; it’s eye-opening to see which brands actually held up under lab testing compared to those that didn’t. I’ve been diving deep into data aggregation lately for my own project, CCAPI (https://ccapi.ai), and I know how difficult it is to standardize and verify information like this across such a large market. Thanks for doing the heavy lifting to help us make safer choices for our families.
This is such an eye-opening report; it never occurred to me to worry about forever chemicals in something as simple as seltzer. It makes you realize how much we need to investigate these things ourselves, almost like how I had to look up a mmol/l to mg/dl conversion for a health reading recently. Thank you for doing this important testing and sharing the results with everyone.
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I’ve been really trying to cut back on sugary drinks, and this article is a huge relief! It’s interesting to learn that even sparkling water can have PFAS – I’d never even considered that. Do you know if brands like La Croix are consistently tested, or does it vary by flavor?
Great collection
This is such important research on PFAS in sparkling waters! Health-conscious content like this is vital for families. I’ve been using Seedance 2 video to create awareness videos about clean living—it makes complex health topics visually engaging and shareable. Thanks for doing this testing!
It’s really concerning to see PFAS turning up even in seemingly healthy choices like sparkling water – it highlights how widespread this contamination is. I appreciate Mamavation taking the initiative to do this testing, as it’s information consumers absolutely need to make informed decisions. The fact that they’re transparent about the limitations of a “spot check” also builds trust and feels responsible. It’s good to know there are resources like this to help navigate what should be a simple, healthy beverage option.
by GLM Imagine
This is such important research – it’s easy to assume sparkling water is a universally healthy swap, but knowing about potential PFAS contamination changes things. I appreciate the thoroughness of testing and the transparency about the study’s funding and limitations. It’s really helpful to have this kind of information to make informed choices, especially with how popular these drinks have become.
by Your AI Hunt
This is incredibly important research, especially since sparkling water is often seen as a healthy alternative and consumption is increasing. It’s unsettling to think about “forever chemicals” potentially lurking in something we choose *for* health reasons. Appreciate Mamavation taking the initiative to investigate and provide this transparency for consumers – it’s a really valuable service!
by Nano Banana 2
This is really important work, especially considering how much sparkling water consumption has increased as people look for healthier alternatives to soda. It’s unsettling to think about “forever chemicals” potentially being present in something we consider refreshing and good for us – really highlights the need for continued independent testing like this. Appreciate the transparency about funding and the limitations of a spot-check approach too.
by 67 Clicker
Thanks for this helpful info! It’s great to see Mamavation testing popular seltzers for PFAS. I’ll definitely check their findings to choose safer sparkling water options.
It would be great to be able to see it! Is this content only for PAID “subscribers”? It is completely unclear until I get to the bottom of a topic page to know if I wasted my time or if I will be allowed to see the actual content. I have been subscribed for years. This change/ access lockout without explanation is frustrating.
This is really helpful info! I’ve been worried about PFAS in drinks, so seeing which sparkling waters are safest makes choosing easier. Thanks for testing the popular brands and sharing the results.
It’s concerning to learn that 60% of the tested seltzer waters contain specific PFAS ‘forever chemicals,’ which have been linked to various health issues. Given that ‘some of these PFAS chemicals have been withdrawn from the market for years,’ how do you think we can further reduce their presence in consumer products?
This article sheds light on the presence of PFAS ‘forever chemicals’ in sparkling waters, with 60% of the tested products containing these substances. It’s interesting that even ‘short-chain’ PFAS like PFPeA are persistent and can cause health issues. How did the levels of PFAS in ‘Topo Chico’ compare with previous tests, and what might have contributed to any changes?
It’s concerning to learn that 60% of the sparkling waters tested contained specific PFAS chemicals, with ranges up to 2.62 ng/L. This makes me wonder, why do you think some sparkling water brands have higher levels of these “forever chemicals” despite efforts to reduce them?
It’s concerning to learn that 60% of the tested sparkling waters contained PFAS, as these ‘forever chemicals’ can have various negative health effects. How does Mamavation choose which ‘sparkling water machines’ to test alongside bottled seltzers?
The article provides an insightful look into the presence of PFAS ‘forever chemicals’ in sparkling waters, with 60% of samples testing positive. It’s alarming to learn about the persistence of these substances despite their known health risks. How does the ‘spot-check’ approach in your study impact the reliability of the findings when considering the varying levels of ‘specific PFAS’ in different products?
Mamavation’s recent study highlights that 60% of the tested sparkling waters contained PFAS ‘forever chemicals’. It’s concerning that even ‘short-chain’ PFAS like PFBA and PFHxA, which were meant to be safer alternatives, persist in these beverages. How does Mamavation choose which ‘sparkling water brands’ to test?
The Mamavation study revealing that 60% of the tested sparkling waters contain specific PFAS “forever chemicals” is quite concerning, especially given their known health implications. How did the findings of this study compare to those of other organizations, like when Consumer Reports identified similar issues in 2020?
Thanks for this important research! It’s concerning to learn that PFAS can be found in sparkling water. Your testing helps us make safer choices. I appreciate the transparency about the study’s partners and funding. Looking forward to seeing which brands performed best.
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Nice Work!! It Really hellps me.
This is such important information, thank you for doing this testing. I’ve been trying to cut down on plastic bottles, but it’s frustrating to think the alternative might come with its own risks. I’ll definitely be checking my usual brand against your list.
It is quite eye-opening to see how many everyday products contain these persistent chemicals, so I really value the transparency of this independent testing. Staying hydrated is a priority for my family, but I often wonder about the purity of our go-to brands. Thank you for doing the heavy lifting to help us make more informed choices at the grocery store.
Thank you for this incredibly thorough research on PFAS in sparkling water! As a mom, knowing which brands are actually safe for my family is so important. I had no idea some popular brands had such concerning levels. Switching to the safe list immediately!
It is honestly alarming how these chemicals seem to be turning up in the most unexpected everyday products, especially those we consume for better health. I really appreciate the transparency of your lab testing process, as it gives consumers like me the power to make informed decisions at the grocery store. Keeping my family safe is a top priority, so thank you for doing the legwork on this important issue.
It is honestly alarming to think that something as simple as sparkling water might be hiding these kinds of contaminants. I really appreciate the transparency and the effort taken to provide data-driven testing for common household brands. This information is incredibly helpful for anyone trying to clean up their pantry and make safer choices for their family.
This is such important information, thank you for sharing. I’ve been trying to cut back on soda and have been drinking a lot more sparkling water, so it’s concerning to learn about the PFAS risk. I’ll definitely be checking your list before my next grocery trip.
This is such important information to have, thank you for doing this testing. I’ve been trying to cut down on single-use plastic bottles by switching to sparkling water, so it’s a relief to know which brands are safer. I’ll definitely be checking my pantry labels tonight.
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I had no idea some sparkling waters had those chemicals in them. Thanks for the helpful list! When I am not looking for healthy drinks, I usually spend my free time gaming. I actually found some great abyss roblox codes recently that really helped me out.
This is eye-opening and honestly unsettling. Many people choose sparkling water as a healthier alternative, yet the fact that PFAS “forever chemicals” were detected in the majority of tested products really challenges that assumption. I appreciate Mamavation’s transparent, science-backed testing and expert review
This guide to the safest sparkling waters (no PFAS!) is so useful! 💧 Love that it’s packed with trustworthy info—total peace of mind for anyone who loves bubbly drinks. Such a helpful resource!
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Considering the emphasis on EPA-certified laboratory testing, I’m curious to know which specific PFAS chemicals were targeted in the analysis of seltzer waters.
This guide to the safest sparkling waters (free of PFAS) is a must-read! It breaks down tested brands and safety tips, perfect for anyone prioritizing clean hydration. For drafting grocery lists or researching more safe food options, Dreamwhisperai. is a handy AI tool. Both are super practical—highly recommend!
Interesting point you made there! I was just discussing something similar with a friend recently. It’s surprising how many things we use daily without knowing all the details. Thanks for sharing this info, really eye-opening. By the way, when I need to unwind after reading stuff like this, I find puzzle games like Sand Loop really help clear my mind.
I absolutely loved this article! This article not only provides valuable experimental data but also urges consumers to pay attention to the chemical components in sparkling water and make more informed choices for their health. It is hoped that more research and regulatory measures will be implemented in the future to ensure the safety of drinking water.
Funny you mentioned that “Topo Chico had the highest levels of PFAS” cause I literally just bought a case of that stuff. Was telling my friend yesterday how much I loved the glass bottles but guess I gotta switch brands now. Ugh so annoying.
Funny you mentioned that Topo Chico had the highest levels of PFAS because I was literally just talking about this with a friend the other day. We love that stuff but had no idea it was apparently that bad for you. Ugh. so annoying.
This is honestly pretty discouraging to read, especially the part about Topo Chico having 3.91 ppt of PFAS. I used to drink those religiously because the glass bottles felt “cleaner” than plastic, you know? It feels like we can’t win even when we try to make better choices. I’m curious though—did you test multiple batches of the same brand to account for regional differences in water sourcing, or was this just a one-off bottle pull?
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This is really helpful info! I’ve been worried about PFAS in drinks, so it’s great to see a lab test on popular seltzers. Thanks for looking into the safest options for us.
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Just wondering how the tested levels of Spindrift were 2.62 ppt when in 2020 they were 0.19. Did the company change their production process? What is the reason for this significant difference? Would you say the level of pfas would be in all flavours? We drink 2 spindrifts a day thinking it was a better option, now were very concerned as 2.62 is pretty high. Also its “Bobby Approved” which seems like a major scam.
We don’t know what changes the company made.
Excellent article, thank you!
I’m especially interested in the reference to the tests of the 2 home carbonation machines since we own a DrinkMate and carbonate using their stainless steel bottle and also their plastic one. Would it be possible to test the DrinkMate as well?
Thank you!
Is all Waterloo a concern or just that flavor
I like Waterloo and have the same concern,however when I contacted the company they said that they had switched to a non-chemical alternative in 2024.
Was the San Pellegrino you tested in a plastic or glass bottle? Thanks for your help!
It was in glass.
Have you heard anything about Trader Joes Sparkling water or Aarke Carbonator Pro soda machine?
Not yet.
Which is the lowest chemical of sparkling water?
Mamavation where have you been all my life? I’m gonna start combing through your site now!
Thanks for stopping by!
Thank you so much for this!!! Amazing!!
You’re welcome!
sparkling water is stupid, this test is dumb. at least test for aluminum and plastic.
Thank you!
You’re welcome!
Was the San Pellegrino and Topo Chico PFAS positive based on their plastic bottles or glass? Wasn’t specified.
They were glass when I could find them in glass. Both of those were glass.
I like Zevia but won’t buy it in cans (aluminum is bad for brains). Mountain Valley is not available in flavors anymore!